| Cobalt is used in high-speed steels and increases the red hardness so that they can be used at higher operating temperatures. |
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| For deoxidation of carbon and low-alloy steels, aluminum, titanium, and zirconium are used. |
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| The same situation applies also to the welding of Inconel or Monel to stainless steels. |
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| These steels do not rust and strongly resist attack by a great many liquids, gases, and chemicals. |
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| Mention should also be made of the relay steels, used widely in relays, armatures, and solenoids. |
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| This implies that after hardening these steels practically always contain some residual austenite. |
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| With some steels, the enriched austenite does not precipitate carbide, but remains as a film of retained austenite. |
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| One significant difference between the cast and wrought stainless steels is in the microstructure of cast austenitic stainless steels. |
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| In this connection it is well known that molybdenum additions to Ni-Cr steels can eliminate temper embrittlement. |
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| The resistance to atmospheric corrosion is improved and copper steels can be temper hardened. |
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| These alloy steels are ordinarily quench-hardened and tempered to the level of strength desired for the application. |
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| Quench-hardened alloys normally are tempered to improve toughness and ductility and reduce hardness in a manner similar to that for alloy steels. |
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| Quenched and tempered structural steels are primarily available in the form of plate or bar products. |
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| Virtually all steels must be quenched and tempered for core properties before being nitrided or stress relieved for distortion control. |
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| Fracture characteristics of these steels is strongly dependent on the tensile strength and hence on the transformation temperature. |
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| Table 1 is a glossary of terms used to describe the mechanical properties of steels. |
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| With hardening of steels, by chilling after previous heating, the structure is converted from austenite to martensite. |
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| Trip steels have a microstructure with retained austenite, ferrite and martensite. |
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| The martensitic stainless steels can be welded in the annealed or fully hardened condition, usually without preheat or postheat. |
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| Exceptions include highly alloyed ferritic stainless steels, some of the martensitic stainless steels, and a few of the free-machining grades. |
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| The martensitic stainless steels are hardenable by heat treatment and are magnetic. |
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| This is true of highly hardened aluminum alloys as well as titanium alloys and hardened steels. |
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| The metallurgical characteristics of various compositions of tool steels are extremely complex. |
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| There are thousands of steels available today, each one characterized by a particular trade name or alloy composition. |
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| These steels are available in sheet, forging billets, bars, strip, and plate. |
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| Materials include biocompatible alloys such as titanium and specialty stainless steels. |
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| Clad steels can have as the cladding material of nickel base alloys such as Monel and Inconel, copper-nickel, and copper. |
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| Some of these steels, as well as other, similar steels, are produced as forgings or castings. |
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| Iron boride is most commonly used as an additive to produce borated steels and stainless steels. |
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| Nitrogen and boron are increasingly used in steels in small but significant concentrations. |
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| In addition, manganese can enhance the precipitation strengthening of vanadium steels and to a lesser extent, niobium steels. |
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| The structural changes during tempering of vanadium steels are relatively simple. |
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| Today's silicon steels use MnS as the grain growth inhibitor, but other compounds, such as carbides, oxides, or nitrides, are also effective. |
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| When these steels are nitrided the aluminum forms AlN particles, which strain the ferrite lattice and create strengthening dislocations. |
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| Some confusion arises as to the nomenclature of micro-constituents found in hardened and tempered steels. |
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| These four types of steels have higher yield strengths than mild carbon steel in the as-hot-rolled condition. |
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| The melding of the two steels imparted the ductility of iron to the hardness and edge-holding qualities of carbon steel. |
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| As a general rule, the higher the percentage of alloying elements in heat-resistant steels, the better the mechanical properties. |
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| Stainless steels are positioned towards the cathodic end of the galvanic series in seawater. |
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| Carbon filled rubber O-rings and gaskets are widely used in contact with stainless steels in seawater. |
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| Mara looks very much taken aback, she steels her jaw, inhales sharply and stomps off in a strop. |
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| Investment cast structural components are produced in a wide range of air-melted steels, cobalt alloys and vacuum cast nickel-based superalloys. |
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| No critical points exist and such steels are not amenable to normal heat treatment, except recrystallisation after cold work. |
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| The refinement of the grain size of ferrite provides one of the most important strengthening routes in the heal treatment of steels. |
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| High-strength steels generally are suitably protected from exfoliation corrosion by the application of organic finishes or metallic plating. |
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| Aluminum is the most frequently used metal for structures, but in some cases stainless steels, titanium, or Invar may prove more advantageous. |
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| The effect of low levels of alloying additions on the soil corrosion of carbon steels is modest. |
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| The uses of medium carbon-manganese steels include shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings and forgings. |
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| Dual-phase steels, which feature hard martensite particles in a soft ductile ferrite matrix are also highly formable. |
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| The use of high-tensile steels has reduced the weight of the pressure hull, allowing a larger load of fuel and ammunition. |
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| In steels of this type, silicon is added as the deoxidizer followed by the addition of aluminum for grain size control. |
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| The silicon steels are designed to have lower hysteresis and eddy current losses than plain steel when used in magnetic circuits. |
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| These steels are used for air frame and engine components, injection moulds and dies. |
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| The structural steels can be grouped conveniently on the basis of tensile strength. |
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| These steels do have some limitations, particularly those with higher chromium contents, where there can be a marked tendency to embrittlement. |
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| Nickel-base alloys are frequently used because of their improved resistance to environmental embrittlement over steels and stainless steels. |
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| Perhaps the most familiar structure in steels is that of the eutectoid pearlite, usually a lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite. |
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| When cast steels are quenched and tempered, the range of strength and of toughness is broadened. |
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| The other way for classifying tool steels is according to the type of quench required to harden the steel. |
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| Similar structures are often observed in lower carbon steels as quenched, as a result of the formation of Fe 3 C during the quench. |
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| These steels are usually welded by the gas tungsten arc or the gas metal arc welding process. |
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| Medium-carbon steels are readily weldable provided the above precautions are observed. |
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| Furthermore, the steels have a low carbon content, which improves the weldability and reduces stresses arising from transformation. |
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| The steel stores specialize in selling premium and standard tool, die and mold steels with a focus on cold work tool steels and on local customer service. |
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| Therefore, the metastable equilibrium between iron and iron carbide should be considered, because it is relevant to the behavior of most steels in practice. |
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| Repairs by welding are limited to steels having known weldable quality. |
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| These steels have an austenitic microstructure and they are nonmagnetic. |
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| The actual melting point of steels is nearly twice as hot, at temperatures difficult to reach outside the specialized conditions of a foundry or forge. |
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| The Metalor Medical Division produces components based on wires and fine tubes from specialty stainless steels, unique alloys, and precious metals. |
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| The extremely fine scale of this phenomenon in vanadium steels, which also occurs in Ti and Nb steels, is due to the rapid rate at which the transformation takes place. |
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| These steels possess an extraordinary combination of ultra-high-strength and fracture toughness and at the same time are formable, weldable, and easy to heat-treat. |
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| These steels are also brazed using nickel alloy filler metal. |
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| All hardenable steels must be hardened and tempered before being nitrided. |
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| These steels remain ductile at the lowest resting temperatures. |
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| Submerged arc welding would not normally be used on free-machining steels. |
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| The QNI Yabulu refinery is part of BHP-Billiton Stainless Steels and processes nickel and cobalt. |
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| For most dual phase steels, and also for highly formable interstitial free steels, the stress-strain curves do not conform to the Ludwig's equation. |
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| Nitrogen additions to high-strength steels containing vanadium have become commercially important because the additions enhance precipitation hardening. |
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| His distinctive voice resonates like polished grit over a combination of searing strings, Hawaiian lap steels, mellotrons and even enchanted lyres. |
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| Steels are sometimes given names based on their principal alloy such as carbon steel, chrome-manganese steel, chrome-molybdenum steel, etc. |
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| Martensitic stainless steels are essentially alloys of chromium and carbon that possess a distorted body-centered cubic crystal structure in the hardened condition. |
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| Most austenitic stainless steels are used in corrosive environments. |
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| They are the most versatile of the three groups of carbon steels and are most commonly used for crankshafts, couplings, tie rods and many other machinery parts. |
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| Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. |
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| Steels microalloyed with both niobium and vanadium provide higher yield strength in the conventionally hot-rolled condition than that achievable with either element alone. |
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| It expanded from bleary delay rippling with looped phrases to embrace molten metalloid raunch and blues grit, acoustic guitars and pedal steels. |
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| Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. |
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| Staining comes from being in contact with other steels such as the anchor or incorrect cleaning in the factory. |
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| Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. |
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| Other important alloys are used in high temperatures, such as steam turbine blades, and stainless steels for corrosion resistance. |
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| Eventually, the furnace would be used to make small quantities of specialty steels. |
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| Modern steels are made with varying combinations of alloy metals to fulfill many purposes. |
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| Some stainless steels, such as the ferritic stainless steels are magnetic, while others, such as the austenitic, are nonmagnetic. |
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| Sri Lankan furnace steels were known and traded between the 9th and 11th centuries and earlier, but apparently not later. |
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| The crucible process continued to be used for specialty steels, but is today obsolete. |
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| Without high speed tools and the finer steels which they brought about, there could be nothing of what we call modern industry. |
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| Most commonly seen when rough machining work hardening materials such as stainless steels and high-temp alloys. |
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| From the resulting corner the same player powered in a header, but Steels keeper Richard Siddall half-blocked it and clawed the ball clear as it spun netwards. |
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| The company's products include heat resistant steels, case hardening steels, micro alloys, spring and cold work tool steels. |
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| The low-ferrous ferronickel produced at Mechel's Southern Urals Nickel Plant is used to make corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels. |
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| This metal is important in high temperature steels and in the control function of nuclear power plants. |
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| Presto Black BST4 brush-on liquid is a fast-acting, cold blackener for iron and non-stainless steels. |
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| The metallic parts shall be mainly produced of stainless steels, ferritic or martensitic steels, alloys and Ni-based super alloys. |
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| One application is in the measurement of low concentration carbon in steels to determine case hardening depths. |
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| This toughness is the result of a uniquely fine grain size imparted by vanadium to steel, anodium steels are readily cast, forged, and rolled. |
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| The lower campaign life is probably associated with a reduction of alumina formation from deoxidation of carbon and low alloy steels with aluminum. |
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| A so called ribbon-like method was proposed for measuring particles for discrimination lamellae from spheroids of cementite particles in pearlitic steels. |
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| In 1972 it acquired Firth Cleveland, a hot and cold rolled strip business with a downline in sintered products, reinforcement steels, wire fasteners and garage equipment. |
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| And he says that work is ongoing to produce steels that are stronger with even better formability, which are a couple years away from being commercially available. |
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| Though originally intended for use on chrome plating, Micro Tuff gets similar results when applied to nickel-plated tools and even unplated stainless or carbon steels. |
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| Niobium is used as an additive in the production of high strength, low alloy steel for products such as pipelines, car bodies, tool steels, steel hulls and rails. |
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| I suppose the bullet must have struck the steels in my corsets. |
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| Similar quality steels are now made with an electric arc furnace. |
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| Any of these contains far more information about Indian and damascene steels than appears in the entire surviving literature of classical Greece and Rome. |
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| Agni Steels South Africa s plant in the Coega IDZ is almost ready to kick into gear, business manager Sadick Davids said today. |
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| Tamworth based Nautic Steels, founded in 1978 by Bob Andrews, has been sold to Pantech Group Holdings for an undisclosed sum. |
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| Some more modern steels include tool steels, which are alloyed with large amounts of tungsten and cobalt or other elements to maximize solution hardening. |
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| A small amount of silicon frequently exists in structural steels because the silicon is used as a deoxidizing agent in the process of steel making. |
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| On the other hand, other metals may be added to make alloy steels. |
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