How to use plutonium in a sentence

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Sentence Examples The country will start building a nuclear reactor in June that can produce weapons-grade plutonium, diplomats said Wednesday. Operating from 1950 until the fire in 1957, they converted uranium to weapons-grade plutonium for nuclear bombs. And they have reactivated a mothballed nuclear reactor that can produce weapons-grade plutonium. The University of Southampton used mass spectrometry to probe samples for plutonium, radium and caesium. Greenpeace has been lobbying for ten years to have all plutonium treated as nuclear waste not as potential reactor fuel. A nuclear weapon using plutonium requires approximately six kilograms of fissile material. Accidents could result in explosions which could spread plutonium and other harmful radioactivity over large areas, it says. There are strange out-takes from 1960s documentaries on plutonium waste-disposal and magnetism. Karle's husband, Jerome, was tasked with preparing plutonium metal directly from crude plutonium oxide. The work was dangerous. The plutonium pits of nuclear weapons employ an alloy with gallium to stabilize the allotropes of plutonium. They blended and heated plutonium with gallium and cobalt and then slowly cooled the molten mixture. However this has nothing to do with nuclear power, where impure plutonium is a minor by-product of the fission of uranium. Once machined into their final shape, the plutonium parts were plated with nickel and removed from the glove box system. This new, hollow design used less uranium and more plutonium and created a more powerful explosion as well as a smaller, lighter fission bomb. Experts say that breathing in even the tiniest amounts of plutonium can increase the risk of cancer, especially among children. Given enough plutonium or enriched uranium, he thought they might have been able to produce a bomb in two to three years. These were bombarded with neutrons which converted the uranium to plutonium. The difference is the commercial grade is different from the weapons grade plutonium. Release of plutonium, americium and curium could occur from laboratory or industrial accidents. Just five kilograms of plutonium, in the wrong hands, could devastate a city. Show More Sentences Part of the research involved injecting a number of people with radioactive plutonium. Those rods can be reprocessed into weapons-grade plutonium, enough for potentially three nuclear bombs. This would mean preventing Iranian enrichment of uranium or reprocessing of spent fuel to produce plutonium. Thus, even today, it has only enough plutonium for one or two crude nuclear devices. This plutonium is a reject load being returned to British Nuclear Fuels by Japan. Workers at the facility were exposed to radiation as well as the chemicals uranium, plutonium and fluorine. It was the first commercial manufacturer of plutonium and americium neutron sources for oil well, logging and other applications. The plant reprocesses deadly plutonium to make fuel for nuclear power stations. The days of reprocessing spent fuel to produce plutonium and uranium for potential reuse are numbered. Along with more plutonium, this new design required more machining, more complex assembly procedures, and more extensive safety controls. The only manufacturing left on the site when reprocessing goes will be the plant for making nuclear fuel from plutonium and uranium oxides. Reprocessing is only for the purpose of harvesting plutonium to make weapons. A ball of plutonium is surrounded with explosives, all of which detonate at precisely the same moment and with exactly the same power. Even a seemingly tiny piece of radioisotope like plutonium can be emitting many millions of alpha, beta or gamma particles per week. The alchemists of today are those nuclear chemists who routinely transmute uranium to plutonium by bombarding uranium with neutrons. No one is proposing to make bombs out of the small amount of plutonium produced. The waste from a defunct reactor is full of plutonium, a highly toxic metal used as the explosive in atomic bombs. A probe, with a plutonium core, could be sent there to land on and melt through thin ice into the depths below. Radiation from a tiny particle of, say, plutonium is averaged over the entire body to give a dosage in units of sieverts. Some had received large doses of densely ionizing radiation while processing plutonium. Show More Sentences To develop a comprehensive set of nuclear weapons, enriched plutonium and uranium are needed. Workers there recently learned that they were exposed to both plutonium and uranium. A highly radioactive solution of water, plutonium and uranium is constantly leaking out. The reactor was designed for breeding plutonium and can readily be converted to do so. Such spent fuel could be reprocessed to produce plutonium for nuclear arms. While plutonium can be used in nuclear weapons it also has civilian purposes, including power generation. They are expert in producing the highly enriched uranium and plutonium that provide the explosive power. The major limiting step is acquisition of the fissile material either enriched uranium or plutonium. It forswears the use of commercial plutonium as a fuel, because of proliferation risks. The amount of plutonium you need for a bomb is the size of a grapefruit and weighs about 20 pounds. Several countries today separate plutonium and uranium from irradiated fuel for recycling. Use of uranium in nuclear power plants produces plutonium, and that is a key material of choice of nuclear weapons builders. The use of Australian uranium always involves the production of plutonium. If 20 tonnes of highly radioactive liquefied uranium and plutonium fuel had leaked out of a reprocessing system you'd think there might be a bit of a fuss wouldn't you? When my oldest child was a toddler, I treated illuminated screens like plutonium. Now there are 75 tonnes of plutonium and 3,336 tonnes of uranium recovered from reprocessing, all stored and closely guarded but with no obvious use, at Sellafield. For the next three months, workers labored around the clock to decontaminate the site of deadly plutonium. But on his watch North Korea, the chief target of his ire, reprocessed enough plutonium to make six new nuclear weapons. The plutonium is encapsulated in a heat-resistant ceramic shell, to prevent it from being released into the environment in the case of a launch accident. Modern alchemists processed plutonium and manufactured nuclear bombs. Show More Sentences Internal contamination with plutonium, americium, or curium can occur through a variety of routes including ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact through wounds. The Conference on Disarmament is seeking to start formal negotiations on banning production of fissile materials such as weapons-grade plutonium and uranium. A truckload of plutonium waste has been hijacked on the waterfront. So was the plutonium that went into the construction of the nuclear bomb Fat Man, which was detonated over Nagasaki. Possibly as triumphant as ending World War II with a bomb made from plutonium developed here. A failed high-altitude nuclear launch left a legacy of low-level plutonium contamination, and an old Agent Orange storage site caused some residual contamination as well. There are tales of UFOs and plutonium, veiled critiques of macho money-grabbing rap and more electronic bleeps than in a digital telephone exchange. I drank an International Proton Pale Ale and opted not to follow it up with a plutonium Porter. The new elements were named neptunium and plutonium, respectively. Experts estimate that reprocessing all the fuel rods would enable the production of 25 to 30 kilograms of plutonium, enough to build two to five nuclear devices. Plutonium arrived from the Hanford plant in the form of liquid plutonium nitrate carried in small stainless steel flasks packed in cylinders the size of truck wheels. The new a safety limit for plutonium in food will be one becquerel per kilogram. Crucibles used to contain plutonium need to be able to withstand its strongly reducing properties. It is powered by plutonium and armed with a laser and a jackhammer to punch through rock. A critical mass of plutonium emits lethal amounts of neutrons and gamma rays. Less soluble elements such as plutonium are subject to much slower redistribution. The special relationship between the two countries has involved the exchange of classified scientific data and materials such as plutonium. A plutonium implosion device was detonated in the lagoon in the Monte Bello Islands in Western Australia. This gave the explosion time to build up momentum, similar in principle to a hammer hitting a nail, enabling less plutonium to be used. Nuclear reprocessing technology was developed to chemically separate and recover fissionable plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel. Show More Sentences Originally reprocessing was used solely to extract plutonium for producing nuclear weapons. With the commercialization of nuclear power, the reprocessed plutonium was recycled back into MOX nuclear fuel for thermal reactors. Since uranium and plutonium are nuclear weapons materials, there have been proliferation concerns. In pyrometallurgical fast reactors, the separated plutonium and uranium are contaminated by actinides and cannot be used for nuclear weapons. The estimated world total of plutonium in the year 2000 was of 1,645 metric tons, of which 210 metric tons had been separated by reprocessing. Several fuel types with differing plutonium destruction efficiencies are under study. By July 1952 the separation plant was being used to separate plutonium and uranium from spent fuel. The Purex process produces uranium, plutonium and fission products as output streams. It is radioactive and can accumulate in bones, which makes the handling of plutonium dangerous. The Fat Man bombs used in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, and in the bombing of Nagasaki in August 1945, had plutonium cores. Near the melting point, the liquid plutonium has very high viscosity and surface tension compared to other metals. The presence of these many allotropes makes machining plutonium very difficult, as it changes state very readily. At room temperature, pure plutonium is silvery in color but gains a tarnish when oxidized. The color shown by plutonium solutions depends on both the oxidation state and the nature of the acid anion. Plutonium shows enormous, and reversible, reaction rates with pure hydrogen, forming plutonium hydride. Cerium is used as a chemical simulant of plutonium for development of containment, extraction, and other technologies. The highly directional nature of 5f orbitals is responsible for directional covalent bonds in molecules and complexes of plutonium. If the alloying metal is sufficiently reductive, plutonium can be added in the form of oxides or halides. The chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Enough plutonium was produced to make it the first synthetically made element to be visible with the unaided eye. Show More Sentences Furthermore, the rate of plutonium elimination in the excreta differed between species of animals by as much as a factor of five. Animal studies found that a few milligrams of plutonium per kilogram of tissue is a lethal dose. From 1945 to 1947, eighteen human test subjects were injected with plutonium without informed consent. Any uranium or plutonium isotopes produced during those three years are left and the rod goes back into production. The twin Voyager spacecraft were launched in 1977, each containing a 500 watt plutonium power source. Isotopes and compounds of plutonium are radioactive and accumulate in bone marrow. Even though alpha radiation cannot penetrate the skin, ingested or inhaled plutonium does irradiate internal organs. Alpha particles generated by inhaled plutonium have been found to cause lung cancer in a cohort of European nuclear workers. The skeleton, where plutonium accumulates, and the liver, where it collects and becomes concentrated, are at risk. Once in the bloodstream, plutonium moves throughout the body and into the bones, liver, or other body organs. A commonly cited quote by Ralph Nader states that a pound of plutonium dust spread into the atmosphere would be enough to kill 8 billion people. However, calculations show that one pound of plutonium could kill no more than 2 million people by inhalation. This makes the toxicity of plutonium roughly equivalent with that of nerve gas. Metallic plutonium is a fire hazard, especially if the material is finely divided. In a moist environment, plutonium forms hydrides on its surface, which are pyrophoric and may ignite in air at room temperature. Magnesium oxide sand is probably the most effective material for extinguishing a plutonium fire. Around 11 metric tons of plutonium may be possessed by Japan alone, with 36 tons pending return after reprocessing in Britain and France. The usual transportation of plutonium is through the more stable plutonium oxide in a sealed package. Although some reactors of Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990, the facility keeps producing plutonium. The town Zheleznogorsk was established in 1950 for the production of weapons-grade plutonium. Show More Sentences The reactor is part of Pakistan's programme to increase the production of weapons-grade plutonium. But even with a reactor designed to produce bomb-grade plutonium, there are other difficulties in producing a plutonium weapon. By comparison plutonium, uranium, and caesium tend to bind to soil particles. The plutonium used on space probes is not the Plutonium-239 isotope used in atomic bombs and built up as a byproduct in nuclear power plants. Researchers studying the crystalline structure of radioactive plutonium have happened onto the first plutonium-based superconductor. The plutonium was sent to a place called the plutonium Finishing Plant. Japan already has tons of plutonium on hand and no use for it, with most of its reactor fleet still offline since the 2011 Fukushima disaster. These transfers essentially exchange ownership of plutonium between two countries, removing the need to physically move it. The Khushab complex, located 200 km south of Islamabad is dedicated to the production of plutonium for nuclear weapons. The North's plutonium reactor was shut down in 2007 as part of international nuclear disarmament talks which have since stalled. Over a third of the energy produced in most nuclear power plants comes from plutonium. North Korea has completed reprocessing its 8,000 spent nuclear fuel rods and is using plutonium extracted from them to make atomic bombs. Spent nuclear fuel includes the fuel rods that are left over when uranium is converted to plutonium. Nuclear fission converts some uranium in fuel rods to plutonium, which remains radioactive for about 240,000 years. Densely ionizing radiation from plutonium and radon burrows microscopic tunnels through living tissues and knocks things out of kilter along these tracks. The plutonium traces, which are too low to present a hazard to human health, were found at six spots far away from the plant's premises, The Japan Times reports. Fast breeder reactors gain their name for their ability to use fast unmoderated neutrons to breed fissile plutonium and possibly higher transuranics from uranium. Unfortunately for humanity, politicians preferred uranium nuclear reactors simply because their main purpose was to provide weapons-grade uranium and plutonium. Thorium reactors burn waste actinides, including plutonium generated in uranium reactors, increasing power generation, while at the same time reducing problem waste. A programme will be developed to study howA thorium might be used as a possible fuel at nuclear power plants, in addition to other fuels usingA uranium and plutonium. Show More Sentences The system will combine 9 MeV transmission imaging radiography with automatic identification of high atomic number materials such as tungsten, lead, uranium, or plutonium. The Big Six and Iran have signed a three-page document on redesigning Iran's heavy water reactor at Arak so it cannot produce weapons-grade plutonium. West Lake's thorium-230 and actinium-227 have been ranked along with plutonium, americium and neptunium as among the most radioactively dangerous materials known. However no human being is known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium, and many people have measurable amounts of plutonium in their bodies. Contamination by plutonium oxide has resulted from nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents, including military nuclear accidents where nuclear weapons have burned. The tests were used to create diagnostic tools to determine the uptake of plutonium in the body in order to develop safety standards for working with plutonium. This was reduced to one microgram in July 1945 after animal studies found that the way plutonium distributed itself in bones was more dangerous than radium. Only after the announcement of the first atomic bombs was the existence and name of plutonium made known to the public by the Manhattan Project's Smyth Report. While it was still by no means clear that enough plutonium could be produced for use in bombs by the war's end, Hanford was by early 1945 in operation. Eventually, the lab at Chicago also conducted its own plutonium injection experiments using different animals such as mice, rabbits, fish, and even dogs. Plutonium alloys can be produced by adding a metal to molten plutonium. The anomalous behavior of plutonium is caused by its electronic structure. Twenty radioactive isotopes of plutonium have been characterized. The resistivity of plutonium at room temperature is very high for a metal, and it gets even higher with lower temperatures, which is unusual for metals. Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred after the war. Producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs. Additionally during the 1950s and 1960s there were protracted periods of known, deliberate discharges to the atmosphere of plutonium and irradiated uranium oxide particulates. While these countries reprocess the fuel carrying out single plutonium cycles, India is the only country known to be planning multiple plutonium recycling schemes. These included a new uranium metal plant at Springfields in Lancashire, and nuclear reactors and plutonium processing facilities at Windscale in Cumbria. Its first big project was Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the gigantic government installation that produced plutonium for the first nuclear weapons. Examples from Classical Literature Hey, you're not thinking of selling Amaterasu plutonium and Beowulf gadolinium, are you? If the chain reaction failed to occur, the TNT would blow the very rare and dangerous plutonium all over the countryside. The plutonium bomb worked by compressing the plutonium into a critical mass which sustains a chain reaction. Both uranium 235 and plutonium are fissionable and can be used to produce an atomic explosion. The scientists were sure the TNT would explode, but were initially unsure of the plutonium. The plutonium core was inserted into the device with some difficulty. This resulted in the formation of 200 micrograms of plutonium. I wonder if he has any idea of what else plutonium can be used for? One study he said fell short of the ethical standards of its time examined how the body retains and excretes plutonium. Find more words! 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Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words plutonism Plutonic plutonic Plutonian pluton plutology plutons Plutus pluvial pluviograph pluviophile pluviose 9-letter Words Starting With p pl plu plut pluto pluton plutoni plutoniu