The earliest music of European origin included quadrilles played by regimental bands in the penal settlements. |
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Some recent reforms in penal policy and welfare to work have been copied from the United States. |
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Australia was a penal settlement at the time, and a team of convict labourers were set about the task. |
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Institutional racism dogs educational, legal and penal systems on all continents. |
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Those measures affect his fulfilment of his role as a representative, but are not penal beyond that. |
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I did my time in a prison that was briefly the most notorious in the Scottish penal system. |
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More than 90 countries worldwide have abolished corporal punishment in schools and penal systems for youth. |
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The early English Protestants rejected the Thomistic view that manual labor has a penal aspect, derived from Adam's punishment. |
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In the same way that hospitals are the acute end of the healthcare system, prisons should be the acute end of the penal system. |
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However, he said it was important that the Irish penal system still offered prisoners some hope of rehabilitation and reintegration into society. |
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Conservative critics bemoaned the pernicious consequences of softhearted penal policies and demanded stricter control of ticket-of-leave men. |
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She is pushing for changes in the penal code for rape and violence against women. |
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Any transformation of the penal system must start with the redesign of prison buildings. |
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Those people wanted punishment to be brought back into the penal system, but what has happened? |
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A spate of prison suicides has highlighted the terrible state of Britain's penal system. |
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The Judaeo-Christian tradition insists that the primary aim of any penal system is to reform and restore. |
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Granted, prison is a place for punishment, but our penal system seems to be committing worse crimes than most of the people who are in jail. |
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What sort of a penal system do we have when those who are supposed to confine the prisoners cannot or do not protect them? |
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Under the Second Claimant's penal code an accused is entitled to free representation in such circumstances. |
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For those on the wrong side of the law, the 1950s were seemingly akin to the early days of penal settlement. |
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Or the subject matter may call for a strict interpretation of the statutory language, as in penal legislation. |
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Once this is done, any violation of the norms by vendors can be met with penal measures. |
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The penal code does not criminalize such conduct, and would be clearly unconstitutional if it did. |
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The new rules will remove outdated references to penal servitude and imprisonment with hard labour. |
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The current penal code provides for up to two years imprisonment in the case of illicit import and export of transplantable material. |
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He had a bit of trouble with the largely Evangelical audience who didn't like his critique of the penal substitutionary theory of the Atonement. |
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The new legislation could, said commentators, enshrine the most repressive aspects of martial law in the penal code. |
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It is said therefore that the power to punish or to impose consequences which are penal or punitive is an exclusively judicial one. |
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It is trite law that, in general, foreign penal acts of a confiscatory nature are not recognised in England. |
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We are going to take penal rates off the workers in that sector who work on public holidays. |
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Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. |
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It's hard to attract senior nurses to mental health because they miss out on penal rates. |
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The Court drew a distinction between the retroactive effect of penal provisions and retroactive effect outside the criminal sphere. |
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Current law enables staff to claim penal rates on top of penal rates for working on a public holiday. |
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The shortage of investment product on the market is a concern, together with the penal rate of stamp duty levied by the government. |
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The prohibition on retroactive penal legislation is linked to the right to a fair trial, as it is irrevocably an example of an unfair trial. |
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For example, Pope Silverius was deposed by force and died in a penal colony. |
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Churchill was right to say that a fair and equitable penal system lies at the heart of a healthy civilisation. |
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Another juristic act was developed in a similar manner by utilizing a penal provision of the Twelve Tables. |
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However, after that meeting the officials began to investigate the appellant's penal liability. |
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The constitution, the penal code, and international and human rights conventions are the only guide to what is acceptable and what is not. |
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The original interpretation of the Thirteenth Amendment was to prevent the state from enforcing labor contracts with penal sanctions. |
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It is this penal rate of interest that often prompts customers to default on their loans. |
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Civil law and commercial law derive from the French, while the penal code is influenced by the British model. |
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Nor do the arguably penal terms of the late delivery clause justify the penal interest clause. |
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Banks have been given the freedom of formulating their own policy for charging penal interest rates with the approval of their boards. |
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Miss Rose submitted that this passage demonstrated that public perception was a legitimate element of penal policy. |
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Finally, both Council and the plaintiff point to those provisions which would require payment of interest on judgment debts at a penal rate. |
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Everyone knows that murder and manslaughter, kidnapping and terrorism, treason and high treason existed long before today's penal codes. |
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On an interstellar penal colony, a group of criminal aliens steal a spaceship and chart a course for Earth. |
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Is a person entitled to receive all accident compensation entitlements while he or she is an inmate in a penal institution? |
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In my judgment it is legitimate to have regard to public perception when considering the characteristics of a penal system. |
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For more serious violations covered by the penal code, housemates could be sent to corrective labour colonies or camps. |
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At first he didn't realise what the life sentence of penal servitude handed down by the judge had meant. |
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A brain drain blighted the Labour governments of the 1970s, as high earners were driven abroad by penal income-tax rates. |
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He rejects penal substitution because he thinks that God is love, and a loving God would never seek retribution. |
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Captain Arthur Phillip, first governor of NSW, was practically the absolute ruler of the penal settlement. |
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That is why Jim Wallace is trying to find a new voice on civil liberties, with freedom of information legislation and penal reform. |
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But when the economy turned down and times got tough they raised interest charges to penal levels. |
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Since 1988 he has been a senior assistant professor in penal law at Sofia University. |
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The practical operation of an order pursuant to section 13 is to keep or put the person who is subject to an order in a penal institution. |
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And even in Gaelic tales, the island earned fame for being the penal colony where clan chiefs put their enemies in exile. |
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Some experts argue that the deterrent effect of a punishment like caning is more potent than the current penal system. |
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The courses vary from the pastorally penal to Whistling Straits' Ireland with attitude. |
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This dual characteristic of the role of legal norms in a penal institution was amply demonstrated throughout this inquiry. |
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Written communications are transmitted through the administration of the penal institution. |
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The largest farm in Switzerland is the Witzwil penal institution on Lake Neuchâtel. |
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The US infamously has the world's highest imprisonment rates – but for once, it would make sense to follow an American lead on penal policies. |
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To this day, no one knows exactly how many labored here in penal servitude. |
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An offender who wishes to leave Canada will have been convicted in open court and held at a penal institution. |
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Because of his American birth, he escaped execution by the British but was sentenced to penal servitude. |
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If the offence is punishable by the death penalty, the juvenile is sentenced to penal servitude for a term of six to 12 years. |
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To stick them in a regular penal institution or environment, we are breeding a stronger, better criminal. |
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They are also taught knife skills, a highly unusual course in a penal institution. |
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The walls and guard towers of a fortresslike penal institution loom in the distance. |
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If the offence is punishable by life imprisonment with hard labour, the juvenile is sentenced to penal servitude for a term of five to 10 years. |
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Some of the offences highlighted by the Convention are currently not covered by Uganda's penal law e.g. influence peddling. |
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This implies a total change to the Turkish constitution, its penal law, its legislation on marriage, its religious legislation, and so forth. |
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Within a few years, the American Law Institute recommended decriminalizing consensual acts between adults, and many states subsequently revised their penal codes. |
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The Supreme Court may inflict sentences of penal servitude for life or sentences for terms not exceeding 60 years where the law so provides. |
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Lastly, where an offender is sentenced to a term of imprisonment or penal servitude, the sentence is to be served in a closed Federal centre. |
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Services offered include: education, counselling, spiritual care, extra-mural penal employment, recreation and pre-release sessions. |
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We do not want a paper tiger but sound European tracing and penal agreements. |
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They called for more mercy in penal practices on the grounds that, while vindictiveness degrades the human spirit, mercy ennobles it. |
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However, as the new penal code was being drafted, that issue would certainly be reconsidered. |
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The revised 1990 penal code replaced the old inquisitory system with an accusatory system akin to that of common-law countries. |
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Children who commit an offence at an age below that minimum cannot be held responsible in a penal law procedure. |
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In each penal institution, facilities shall be provided for periodic haircutting and shaving. |
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I answer that, Vengeance consists in the infliction of a penal evil on one who has sinned. |
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Step by step, the penal and custodial apparatus of the United States has become larger, more belligerent, and more brazen. |
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The judge was a member of the Romilly family, a byword for liberality and compassionate public service, active in penal reform and similar good causes. |
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She has visited scores of penal facilities in Latin America and the United States, including over thirty prisons, jails, and police lock-ups in Brazil. |
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Krivov was sentenced to serve four years at a general regime penal colony for his fight for freedom and human rights. |
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Similarly, unlike many of their continental European neighbours, the English clung to corporal punishment as a penal sanction until well into the twentieth century. |
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Legislation permitted magistrates to enforce employment agreements with penal sanctions in the form of imprisonment, fines, and physical punishment. |
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We have learned today that this same individual has been found guilty and sentenced to four years detention in a Russian penal colony. |
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This sum, outlined in the penal code, is double for a male than it is for a female. |
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In 2009, the parliament decided that the provision that criminalizes blasphemy will not be included in the penal code. |
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This provision is, however, absent from the penal Code Iran approved in 2012, though apparently not yet signed into law. |
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And then there is Article 475 of the penal code, which was the focus of so much discussion online. |
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More subtly perhaps, the incamational model of the atonement undercuts the sense of vicariousness that underlies the satisfaction and penal models. |
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This was especially so in a penal colony where many of the convicts were hardened criminals and many of the free settlers were themselves ex-convicts and impulsive men. |
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Given the unusual nature of resistance in such carceral regimes, many historians have stressed processes of regulation over patterns of resistance in penal institutions. |
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Quite frankly, I am of the view that you will be able to better deal with those mental health issues in the provincial penal system as opposed to the federal penal system. |
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Humane and rational reform of the penal system is needed urgently. |
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Can you imagine, for example, the crisis that would be created within our penal system if lifers were never to have hope of changed circumstances? |
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Power can be conceptualized as control over resources that are desired by other people, and can be exerted in numerous ways including through legal and penal systems. |
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But a federal court turned the company down, noting that the rights of the public to information about the penal system do not include a promise of unfettered access. |
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A fabulously expensive and enormous penal system whose rapidly mounting social costs will be borne, ultimately, by every woman, man, and child in the country. |
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He then considered the question of whether it was necessary to establish an intention to injure where the conspiracy involved action that contravened penal law. |
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No international penal tribunal of general jurisdiction has been created. |
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He forced the latter to give a much better deal to borrowers, to pay their own legal fees and to reduce penal interest rates imposed in certain instances. |
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Australia has similar kinds of surcharges, not just for public holidays but for Saturdays and Sundays, given that it used to have much higher penal rates. |
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But it also meant that, just for once, we could have some time off from the modern penal servitude of looking. |
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It was in the area of penal reform that he made his most lasting contribution. |
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He also contributed a series of learned reports on penal reform during Labour's period out of office between Attlee and Wilson. |
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With 14-15,000 prisoners and 17 penal colonies, this is one of the largest penal complexes in Europe. |
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Under Mexican law, the death penalty is retained in the military penal code. |
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The former judiciary system was composed of religious courts, the commercial court and the penal court. |
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This rationality extends to an awareness of and consideration of risk, including penal sanctions. |
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The agency can and should be involved in monitoring EU activities on police and judicial cooperation in penal matters. |
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In January 2002, the prisoners escaped from the high-security Novo Ulyanovsk penal colony. |
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One third of these consultation requests related to records on law enforcement and penal institutions. |
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Their jurisdiction in civil and penal matters is set out starting at section 28 of An Act respecting municipal courts. |
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It makes no sense when you think of the huge amounts of money that will be spent on the penal system. |
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He was sentenced to two years in a strict-regime penal colony on 30 May 1999 and was not allowed to appeal his sentence. |
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Judges must follow up the life of prisoners throughout their passage through the penal system. |
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The Act respecting school elections includes numerous penal provisions that apply to a candidate. |
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Officials in all parts of the criminal justice and penal systems need to consider the impact their activities may have on children. |
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This measure is of a penal nature and hence not related to the compensation of damage. |
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Certainly no one will escape a penal consequence if in fact a relationship is shown to be exploitive, regardless of the age difference. |
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Switzerland's penal code includes a provision that prohibits suicide assistance unless it is provided without selfish reasons. |
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He was found guilty of violating the penal code on the sale and distribution of obscene literature. |
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Degraded and condemned to hard labour for life, Dreyfus was sent to the penal colony in Guyana on Devil's Island while proclaiming his innocence. |
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The media have conferred on him the image of the victimised rebel, who was transported to a penal colony as the price of his principled insubordination. |
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It was only towards the end of the 18th century that the British begin to colonize this fifth continent by building a penal colony. |
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A patent owner can proceed against an infringer at the civil and penal level. |
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The 600 forced labourers of the penal colony at Brest, condemned to forced labour for life, were encouraged to work by the promise of a pardon. |
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Uzbek Government had no objection to members of the Committee visiting that penal colony if they so wished. |
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I was in Uruguay with my beautiful family writing about penal servitude in the Arctic Circle. |
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Article 216 of the Penal Code covers penal sanctions against inciting the population to breed enmity or hatred or denigration. |
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Both were sentenced to penal servitude in 1968 as accomplices in a conspiracy against Nasser. |
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Full-cost accounting of agriculture and penal institution could pay off: Every inmate who is rehabilitated saves society a lot of money. |
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It managed to put forward motions relative to employment, labor, social security, penal and commercial laws. |
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His rule reveals an extremely severe discipline and detailed penal code. |
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Some of those changes also imply no penal rates for public holidays on top of existing penal rates, or no public holiday rates if an employee does not work that day. |
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They do not mind paying penal rates, but when they have to give employees a day off in lieu, as well, then members can imagine the sorts of costs that will be incurred. |
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Nurses take home an average of 15 per cent extra in penal rates. |
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This indicates that versions of the song date back to the actual period of penal transportation mentioned in the lyrics as Maggie's fate. |
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The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. |
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With that in mind, Mr President, I wish to appeal once more to Turkey to finally eliminate these laws from its penal code and to stop incarcerating political prisoners. |
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As a British colony, it was used by that nation as a penal colony and eventually settled by those sent there under penal servitude when they were released. |
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The second lieutenant Kasongo Kayembe was sentenced to 5 years penal servitude mainly for arbitrary arrest, the second lieutenant Ilunga Kashila to one year penal servitude with a fine of 30,000 francs. |
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Kaki Bukit Centre Prison School in Singapore brings together different categories of inmates from both penal and drug institutions in one centralized location, where they attend academic and vocational classes. |
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Independent of this competence, all persons can equally lodge a penal complaint regarding violation of the law to the authorised cantonal authorities. |
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Even if the condemnatory sentence is to be converted by the jurisdiction of destination, the penal situation of the convict shall not be aggravated. |
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This vicissitude concluded with the payment of one penal from part of the sig. Maria Inselvini Soncini with a land, has in some facilitated way the property of the neighbors to the land of the noble mrs. |
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According to article 532 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the court of original jurisdiction passes a ruling ex officio annulling the entry in the penal records of the unjustified conviction. |
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The justice administration authorities were taking long-term measures that would prevent incarceration as the first option in the penal procedure. |
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Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. |
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The XIX century penal codes did include extenuations or even replacements of punishments in case the convicts were minors, but the courts and prisons were the same for both minors and adults. |
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More abstractly, such understanding of risk was predicated on the implied failure of rehabilitative interventions and the tacit understanding of incapacitation as a preferable penal strategy. |
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The right to vote cannot be restricted except for civil incapacity or as a consequence of an irrevocable penal sentence or in cases of moral unworthiness as laid down by law. |
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At the same time, through the publication of a number of penal registration files, we wish to give an idea of the mixture of cynicism and meticulousness that characterised the carceral bureaucracy. |
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As with all criminal offences, the decision as to whether or not to press charges under a certain provision of the penal code depends on the availability of evidence. |
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These women came from a penal colony for repeat offenders. |
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The penal colony administration refuses to hear me. |
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In January of 2010, the Chelyabinsk regional court sentenced Sergei Kharin, a deputy of the Karabash municipal district, to five years in a maximum-security penal colony. |
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In it, Duteil talks about his great great uncle, Colonel Dreyfus, wrongly accused at the end of the 19th century in a murky affair of espionage mingled with anti-Semitism, and imprisoned in a penal colony in French Guyana. |
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Australia Day commemorates the arrival of Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet, comprising 11 ships and around 1,350 people, who arrived at Botany Bay between 18 and 20 January 1788 to set up a penal colony for Britain. |
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The Tarutao Archipel is situated in the far south of Thailand whose main island, a former penal colony for political prisoners, is now a fantastically well-preserved National Maritime Park. |
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The Brazilian Government is committed to building a sound policy of formation, qualification and valorization of officers of the states' prison systems, with a view to improving penal services in the country. |
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It is not a case of international penal law being planned by a court with general powers, but there are plans for an international court of justice which are making headway. |
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A creditor who avails himself of a penal clause is entitled to the amount of the stipulated penalty without having to prove the injury he has suffered. |
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The consent given by the victim to any form of exploitation defined in this article will not constitute a cause for exoneration from penal responsibility. |
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They invariably give Contracting States the alternative of extraditing such persons or instituting penal proceedings for the act on their own territory, which implies the right to grant asylum. |
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Articles 487, 488 and 489 of the penal code discriminate against women with respect to the conditions that establish the crime and the penalty imposed on the adulterer and the adulteress. |
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However, the government should revise its penal code to allow all Libyans the freedom to have such public discussion without fear of criminal sanction and stop jailing those who express criticism of the government. |
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Foreign investors, international NGOs and donor agencies should urge the Hanoi government to repeal laws-in particular Articles 79 and 88 of the penal code-that criminalize internationally-recognized human rights. |
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After a farce of a trial, and with ridiculous accusations, he was condemned to 15 years of hard labor, after which he was sent to the penal settlement of Stoinesti. |
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Under no circumstances may a person be coerced by the use or threat of physical force or penal sanctions to adopt, adhere to or recant a specific religion or belief. |
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Even if penal laws are not retroactive and satisfy the requirement of prior notice, they could not conform to the principle of legality if their terms defy comprehension. |
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The FCR is of the opinion, however, that the article from the penal code is applied too hesitantly to politically-motivated statements by parties and politicians and in relation to refused admittance. |
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This is given prominence in sections 158-160 of the penal code. |
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Their task shall be in particular to ensure that these institutions are administered in accordance with existing laws and regulations and with a view to bringing about the objectives of penal and correctional services. |
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The department also worked on issues such as the rise in gambling, low-cost and low-rental housing, the simplification of funerals, penal reform and mental hospital chaplaincy. |
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As mentioned, I want to give some help to those who are victims, and also to people who have done wrong, by giving them the ability to have some training within the penal system. |
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As Mrs Wallström, for example, is quite aware, the Italian Government is about to undertake a revision of the penal code, planning, inter alia, to remove the penalties for crimes against the environment. |
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It is obvious that for a child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, the right to be heard is fundamental for a fair trial. |
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We pray for the development of restorative justice, that thereby we may find lasting solutions to the plight of crime as well as to the sorry situation of penal institutions. |
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No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. |
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He proposed that supervisory boards should be created to oversee the management of penal colonies. |
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An article on the establishment of penal colonies is a fine example of a utopian theory which produces a nightmare dystopia. |
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Similar to the situation in the 'homeland' many of the prisoners in off shore penal colonies are kept in lock down and permanent isolation. |
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Joseph Honig makes some good points in his editorial advocating a return to the practice of penal colonies, but his history is all wrong. |
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They were put on trial and sent to penal colonies in New South Wales, Australia, but were granted pardons after a huge public outcry. |
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Banished BBC2, 9pm Drama about the British convicts and soldiers of a penal colony in Australia in the 18th century. |
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Set in the early years of Sydney's penal colony this novel is presented as the diary of a young female convict, Mary Beckwith. |
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In fact, a good way to learn about penology is to examine the effects of various penal practices across the country. |
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Information hiding will lead to administrative and penal sanctions, MP Mamytov added. |
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In some cases, as in the Young case, this penal policy would discourage individuals from appropriate and encourageable conduct. |
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The penal laws were reinstated no later than 25 August 410 and the overall trend of repression of paganism continued. |
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The Settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners. |
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In 1687, James prepared to pack Parliament with his supporters so that it would repeal the Test Act and the penal laws. |
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It was an organic, coherent, and systematic work of legislation encompassing the civil and penal law. |
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It was formed in 1710 by Irishmen who fled their own country in the wake of the Flight of the Earls and the penal laws. |
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The Court exercises both civil and penal jurisdiction under the old Common Law of Scotland and many Acts of Parliament. |
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Laws governing the Mauritian penal system are derived partly from French civil law and British common law. |
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Later, when the Dutch used the island as a penal colony, new species were introduced to the island. |
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In the former scenario, Nanavati would be charged under the Indian penal code 302, for culpable homicide, with a maximum punishment of 10 years. |
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The harsh sentences of those found guilty, which included execution and penal transportation, quickly ended the movement. |
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Many offenders thus stayed in the colony as free persons, and might obtain employment as jailers or other servants of the penal colony. |
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It legitimised transportation as a direct sentence, thus simplifying the penal process. |
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The British author William Somerset Maugham set a number of his short stories in the French Caribbean penal colonies. |
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Timberlake Wertenbaker's play Our Country's Good, based on Thomas Keneally's novel The Playmaker, is set in the first Australian penal colony. |
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On 18 March 1834, the Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to penal transportation to Australia. |
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Is is not surprising then that no text identifies Shen Buhai with penal law. |
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Serving as a minor official in the state of Zheng, he is reported to have drawn up a code of penal laws. |
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Though not entirely accurately, most Han works identify Shang Yang with penal law. |
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I'd think about being the warden at a penal colony for smart-aleck nurses I've known. |
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Who then could be tried as a war criminal under the 1871 penal code? |
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This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription and penal labour. |
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The penal code was amended in October 2011 to allow the arrest and detention of individuals without an arrest warrant from public prosecutors. |
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In my view and in the view of many people involved in penal matters, sending people to prison does nothing to make them more responsible citizens or prevent their return to prison in future. |
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At one time, the American penal system operated under the idea that dangerous criminals needed to be put under lock and key in order to protect society. |
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We don't send debtors to penal colonies or put them in bonded labor. |
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In addition to the usual penal penalties, the judges could condamn to: indemnify families of victims, deprivation of civic rights, lasting public disgrace, or assignment to residence, etc. |
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The European Union's determination to implement common penal provisions also in this field would contribute to provide Internet-users with a safe and 6 crimeless environment. |
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But there is another sort of prison art: the hand-painted backdrops that adorn the walls of visiting rooms in just about every penal institution in America. |
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You can probably get virtually any drug you want in a penal institution. |
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The offender thus does not have contact with a penal institution. |
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Article 35 of the Juveniles Act stipulates that sentences imposed on juveniles must be served in places in which they are isolated from adults within the penal institution. |
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If he finds evidence that the imprisonment has a legal basis, he shall immediately take the person to a penal institution and shall in all circumstances produce a report on the action taken. |
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In addition to its size, another special characteristic of the farm is that it is operated by prisoners as part of a so-called semi-open penal institution. |
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Upon expiry of this deadline, the hierarchical superior of the judge responsible for the case shall order the individual's provisional release as requested by the individual or the warden of the penal institution. |
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The Committee welcomes the activities of the Corrections Bureau concerning training curricula and practice for penal institution staff, which now include human rights standards as well as behavioural science and psychology. |
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The Code also provides that the incarcerated mother may be given special permission to give birth outside the penal institution in order to protect her and her infant emotionally and psychologically. |
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Befitting a penal colony, Coiba is not easy to reach. |
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A single judge can handle normal contentious and penal cases. |
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The penal system required convicts to work on government projects such as road construction, building works and mining, or be assigned to free individuals as unpaid labour. |
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When defendant committed the contempts of court at issue here, he was not at the time incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution and he was not an escapee. |
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Slaves were acquired from war, raids, and penal and debt servitude. |
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As penal law was enacted to uphold the uniform teachings of the Church of England in England, only various English dissenters held to those values. |
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The Criminal Justice Act of 1948 provided for new methods to deal with offenders, and abolished hard labour, penal servitude, prison divisions and whipping. |
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Dispossessed peasants were organized into paramilitary agricultural colonies to increase food production for the army, and penal legislation increased. |
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He was sent to Devil's Island, a French penal colony in Guiana. |
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It was a solution to a real problem in the domestic penal system. |
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By 1614 the British had planted a penal colony on the site, and in 1621 two Englishmen claimed Table Bay on behalf of King James I, but this action was not ratified. |
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In which ocean is the former French penal colony of Devil's Island? |
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Tolokonnikova not only tried to adjust to life in the penal colony but she even tried to heed the criticism levied at her by colony representatives during a parole hearing. |
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In late 16th century Japan, slavery as such was officially banned, but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labour. |
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The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state's typical reaction to independent political expression. |
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The island was also used as a penal colony in the 19th century. |
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Wilde wrote two long letters to the editor of the Daily Chronicle, describing the brutal conditions of English prisons and advocating penal reform. |
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In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement. |
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Conversely, the Church in the Middle Ages increased its penal jurisdiction in the civil domain by infliction of varied penalties, some of them purely secular in character. |
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Shang Yang's systematic application of penalties increase the tendency to see it as penal, but arguably does not change meaning from that of the Mohists. |
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Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal. |
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