| One gene that is important at this point is hox a9, which is activated in EPCs during embryonic development and in adults in response to increased sheer stress in blood vessels. |
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| Ctenophores and sponges are also the only known animal phyla that lack any true hox genes. |
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| Further probings revealed the existence of a clutch of master control genes, each directing the development of a section of body, which were dubbed homeotic or hox genes. |
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| The Hox genes exert this influence by their action on the genes controlling the development of these structures. |
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| Data from sponges, ctenophores, and cnidarians are providing a glimpse into the some of the earliest events in Hox evolution. |
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| Across major phylogenetic comparisons, the evolution of Hox clusters generally parallels the evolution of axial complexity. |
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| Hox genes have been isolated from a number of cnidarian species including hydra. |
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| We have used experimental manipulation of chick embryos to test the causal role of Hox genes in patterning derivatives of the paraxial mesoderm. |
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| Hox evidence has also placed dicyemid mesozoans in the clade. |
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| A great deal of the book is devoted to the role that Hox genes play in the diversification of animal form during animal development and evolution. |
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| We have isolated and sequenced eight Hox genes from the freshwater triclad Girardia tigrina and three Hox and two ParaHox genes from the polyclad Discocelis tigrina. |
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| Hox clusters contain basic instructions about body plans, and the genes within them are arranged in the order in which they influence their owner's shape during development. |
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| Hox genes were discovered through the study of the fruit fly. |
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| The earliest expression of Hox genes for these arthropods is in the already formed segmental anlage, in the presumptive position of the developing segment. |
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| The Hox genes, for example, control which organs individual regions of an embryo will develop into. |
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| Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes. |
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| Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. |
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| Hox genes have had an important role in the evolution of animal form. |
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| This is caused by the evolution of their Hox genes, controlling limb morphogenesis. |
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| Hox paralog group 2 genes function to pattern structures derived from the hindbrain and pharyngeal arches in the developing heads of animal embryos. |
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| Some nonlethal regulatory mutations occur in HOX genes in humans, which can result in a cervical rib or polydactyly, an increase in the number of fingers or toes. |
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