Control of a heteroecious rust will involve two hosts and their proximity to each other. |
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The other Chrysomyxa needle rusts are heteroecious and require more than one host to complete their life cycles. |
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Most heteroecious aphids have just one primary and one secondary host. |
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This allows rapid asexual spread during a single growing season and also enables a heteroecious species to persist on one host, even when its other host is not present. |
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