| Part A: intra-bony defects, furcation defects and periodontal plastic surgery. |
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| Access to the mesial furcations is best from the lingual surface because the furcation entrance is located lingually and not directly in the midline. |
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| As growth proceeds, intercalated or bifurcate ribs may appear between the paired ribs, furcation normally occurring on the lower third of the flank. |
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| For probing furcation lesions from different angles, both in the upper and in the lower jaw region. |
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| When treating defects, Class II furcation defects are often considered good candidates for GTR treatment. |
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| For cleaning of the furcation roof and inner surfaces, particularly concavations and grooves in them. |
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| The furcation proves to be a weak point: it has only limited access and is difficult to clean. |
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| Controlled movements: For effective cleaning of the poorly accessible furcation. |
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| Its multi-angled tips allow even the furcation region to be cleaned more thoroughly than with hand instruments. |
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| Staining with HE indicated that root resorption mainly occurred at the root furcation and in the vicinity of the stress-side apex. |
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| A complete furcation closure was obtained lingually. |
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| This demonstrates that intermediate filament furcation is very different from actin furcation where an entire new filament is attached to an existing filament. |
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| The furcation area of the tooth possesses a large surface area of lamina dura, the dense surrounding cortical bone, which can lead to unclear tooth furcation anatomy. |
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| Root resorption at the furcation and apices was 0.1 mm or less. |
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| There are no other mobilities or furcation involvements. |
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| Tooth 2.7 has a buccal furcation class III and a class 2 mobility. |
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| Category IV is advanced generalized periodontitis with severe bone loss, tooth mobility requiring splinting, deep molar furcation invasions and pockets of 7-9mm generalized. |
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