The exchange rate is the number of foreign currency per unit of local currency. |
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It has avoided the serious risks of prolonged exchange rate misalignment associated with fixed exchange rates. |
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The need for exchange rate adjustments depends on the importance and character of economic shocks. |
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Forward exchange rate markets might be thin and be priced in a non-competitive fashion. |
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By contrast, German commitment to wage moderation has decreased its real exchange rate relative to Italy's by almost the same amount. |
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The amount of the fee is converted from euro into the local currency at the official exchange rate. |
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A second lesson is that the money supply or the exchange rate make poor targets for monetary policy. |
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So focusing on actual exchange rate changes would not take this uncertainty into account. |
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The answer, it turns out, has something to do with excess humbug production and a decline in the exchange rate between bluster and bombast. |
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In both cases, the real wage will not decline and a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate will not be effective. |
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However, the snake was not very successful in limiting exchange rate fluctuations. |
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Latvia relies on a strong independent central bank, but shadows its exchange rate to the SDR in a virtual peg. |
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Many are probably wise to the fact credit cards can offer an excellent exchange rate. |
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In the cheaper country the prices of goods or the value of the exchange rate will rise. |
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The exchange rate of the local currencies like the franc and the Deutsche Mark in relation to the euro was fixed at that time. |
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Prior to the Asian Crisis, Thailand had a pegged exchange rate tied to the dollar. |
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We will have to learn to cope with a fairer exchange rate for the single currency at current levels. |
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The month of March also saw a strengthening in the Euro exchange rate and a drop in white fish prices. |
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The exchange rate itself is determined by the extent of growth in the Anglo-American economy vis-a-vis Euroland. |
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From the change in the exchange rate, it is not possible to make any inferences about the value of the dollar or the euro. |
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Prices are all marked in dirhams, with an exchange rate of just over ten dirhams to one euro. |
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With this groundwork in place, China is ready now to adopt a more flexible exchange rate. |
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This is partly because the Deutschmark joined the euro at too high an exchange rate. |
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The prospect of good weather and a favourable exchange rate are no doubt turning minds to sunny climes. |
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The publication proposes special prudential measures to help commercial banks in times of exchange rate volatility and swings in capital flows. |
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If their reversal generates excessive exchange rate movements they are able to earn large profits. |
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Relying on the appreciating euro exchange rate to ease upward pressure on prices is no excuse for real initiatives. |
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Nobody told them the capital account and the current account balance automatically if the exchange rate is free to float. |
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Our exchange rate would be stable against the other eleven members forever more. |
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Residents are also less able to diversify their investment portfolios internationally or to make use of exchange rate futures and swap markets. |
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Dollar bank deposits were converted into pesos at an artificially low exchange rate, and import permits were implemented on all goods. |
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In the 1980s the hike was caused by our domestic policies, as both monetary and fiscal policy pushed up the exchange rate. |
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Inflation can be contained in the short run by high interest rates or an appreciating exchange rate. |
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A low exchange rate, competitive prices, and a whole lot of migration do not make them magicians. |
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The cover required to deal with exchange rate and inconvertibility risk are very different in nature. |
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The exchange rate peg is gone, and the peso is trading at substantially depreciated exchange rates against the dollar. |
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Nonethless, it is still far too high, and the exchange rate is hurting NZ exporters. |
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I'm not hiding behind the exchange rate, but anybody who says it is not a factor is kidding themselves. |
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Annual price rises would be limited to a ceiling determined by the government in line with inflation and exchange rate considerations. |
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Not only will you undoubtedly suffer a poor exchange rate, you'll probably be charged a stonking commission too. |
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Economists say the current exchange rate of around 1.4 euros to the pound is about the right price at which sterling should convert to the euro. |
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Inflation rates and past depreciation in the exchange rate were largely used as explanatory variables for dollarization. |
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The increase in investment strengthens the exchange rate facilitating a deterioration in the balance of trade. |
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This task took a bit longer than expected because my friend kept trying to shave a few cents off of the exchange rate to his benefit. |
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China is not a natural candidate for a fixed exchange rate against the dollar. |
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The appreciated exchange rate and the partial dollarization of the local banking system are not necessary ingredients of a currency board regime. |
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They know the extreme importance exchange rate stability holds for future inflationary movements. |
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The economy is vulnerable to a rise in the euro exchange rate or in interest rates. |
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A floating exchange rate is one that is allowed to find its own level according to the forces of supply and demand. |
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The political escalation of the Chinese exchange rate question raises difficult issues of a face saving nature for the Chinese government. |
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Another concern being raised relates to the instability of the rand exchange rate. |
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And we certainly wouldn't have the exchange rate distortions between the renminbi and the dollar. |
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This has effectively set an exchange rate for these currencies, and given them a real value. |
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Currently the exchange rate policy of China's currency, the renminbi, fluctuates only slightly. |
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Meanwhile, Yam said Hong Kong's exchange rate system is unlikely to be affected by the situation of the Chinese yuan, also known as the renminbi. |
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The United States has urged China to allow greater flexibility in the yuan exchange rate. |
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The Central Bank of China recently announced changes in the exchange rate of Chinese yuan. |
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The right conditions do not exist at the moment for China to adjust its yuan exchange rate. |
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It has been a tough couple of years amid the high exchange rate and tightened student visa checks. |
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Last year the World Bank lent Sierra Leone a million dollars for a credit scheme, when the exchange rate was seven leones to the dollar. |
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It blamed a downturn in sales and the exchange rate between the euro and the US dollar for the closure. |
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He also said the rises were necessary given the exchange rate of the dollar against the lev, and the prices of the energy resources. |
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Better yet, take your U.S. dollars southward and enjoy the advantageous exchange rate. |
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I didn't end up buying anything because the exchange rate is ridic right now. |
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New York is currently packed with Brits taking advantage of the pound's high exchange rate. |
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A more telling index of the progress of the War on Terror is the exchange rate between the dollar and the Pakistani rupee. |
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The exchange rate between US dollar and Tajik somonis will be advised on request for purpose of payment for obtaining bidding documents. |
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Firstly, when looking for your property, budget at a lower exchange rate than the current market rate. |
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In fact, the Kyrgyzstan Som exchange rate may fluctuate many times during the day. |
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So you may be charged to transfer the money into the local currency, placing your nest egg at the mercy of exchange rate fluctuations. |
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Fluctuations in the exchange rate which materially effect the value of European investments are eliminated through currency hedging. |
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Now it is possible that in the first six months of next year, they move to an exchange rate that is tied to a basket of currencies. |
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The idea was to test his exchange rate hypothesis in a tightly specified model. |
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The risk of entering EMU at an unsustainable exchange rate would increase where a currency had been unstable. |
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Experts have said that the unstable exchange rate created difficulties in reaching debt restructuring agreements. |
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The problem is that although oil exports produce a spectacular trade surplus, the exchange rate soars. |
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These fluctuations are to be halted by taking measures to fix the exchange rate as near to mint par as possible. |
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So long as countries were committed to defending their exchange rate pegs, there was no possibility that they would succumb to policies of sustained inflation. |
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On the black-market, Iranian moneylenders peg the real exchange rate far higher, at more than 35,000 rials per dollar. |
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The current exchange rate is approximately 100,000 afghanis to the dollar. |
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On every street corner, gangs of female money changers wave fat wads of kwanzas in the air, the fluctuating exchange rate testimony to the vagaries of the war economy. |
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This is largely due to nonsterilized foreign exchange market interventions aimed at keeping the exchange rate between the renminbi and the dollar stable. |
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Under a fixed exchange rate system, devaluation and revaluation are official changes in the value of a country's currency relative to other currencies. |
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The exchange rate of US dollars in 1994 is indicated in old manat. |
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Such systems use target zones that are relatively wide, that is allowing the exchange rate to vary by, for example, plus and minus 10 per cent around a central rate. |
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By this, of course I do not mean bimetallism, with its arbitrarily fixed exchange rate between gold and silver, but freely fluctuating exchange rates between the two moneys. |
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Over many recent decades, both Keynesians and monetarists have generally at one time or another favored both fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes. |
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Just using the official exchange rate is no option and purchasing power parity also results in undesired influences of import prices on the outcomes. |
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This borrowing by financial and non-financial entities was largely unhedged and short-term leaving them highly vulnerable to exchange rate and maturity mismatch risks. |
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However, the exchange rate cannot be unpegged or adjusted because of Beijing's fears about Hong Kong's stability and the effect on the Chinese yuan. |
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However, just tinkering with the exchange rate or giving a few sops to exporters is unlikely to ramp exports up by the kind of scale that a seven per cent growth entails. |
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The exchange rate went up, and the economy stagnated for six years. |
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Similarly, the authors of a number of country case studies report evidence of greater wage and price flexibility with the hardening of the exchange rate commitment. |
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It is worth recalling that from the end of 1923 to the middle of 1925 the exchange rate in dollars relative to the pre-war parity was about a third. |
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These crises had compellingly shown that holding on to a preannounced peg of the exchange rate does not increase the credibility of the announced policy. |
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By removing the exchange rate and interest rates from the direct control of Italian authorities, the plague of high inflation and high interest rates disappeared. |
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Pegging has typically been a way to substantiate the value of a local currency against the world's convertible currencies and to stabilize the exchange rate. |
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The low exchange rate, and the current account deficit, also mean that they are actually lending us a good portion of the money we use to buy their geegaws. |
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At the same time, lax supervision and prudential regulation allowed banks and corporations to take on significant exchange rate and maturity risks. |
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If amount is in foreign currency, stamp duty is charged on the Irish equivalent according to the exchange rate prevailing on the day the instrument is executed. |
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If purchasing power parity held exactly, then the real exchange rate would always equal one. |
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Conversely, if the foreign currency is strengthening and the home currency is depreciating, the exchange rate number increases. |
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One form of charge is the use of an exchange rate that is less favourable than the wholesale spot rate. |
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The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date. |
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The fiscal and monetary squeeze, combined with the North Sea oil effect, appreciated the real exchange rate. |
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To offset the effects of the high exchange rate, the export industries tried to cut costs by lowering workers' wages. |
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The legal tender of French Polynesia is the CFP Franc which has a fixed exchange rate with the Euro. |
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The Netherlands carries the risk of exchange rate fluctuations regarding cash flows between the state and the islands. |
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In these instances, the amounts are converted into euro at the exchange rate for the week that the tournament is played. |
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In such cases, a PPP exchange rate is likely the most realistic basis for economic comparison. |
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All of these interventions can also influence the foreign exchange market and thus the exchange rate. |
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The bank was soon accused by the bullionists of causing the exchange rate to fall from over issuing banknotes, a charge which the Bank denied. |
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It tried to keep a fixed exchange rate, and attempted to deal with inflation and sterling weakness by credit and exchange controls. |
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As transport costs increase, the larger the range of exchange rate fluctuations. |
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Should he or she be having a bad trot, the exchange rate will be higher than normal. |
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Sweden abandoned the tie to gold on 2 August 1914, and without a fixed exchange rate the free circulation came to an end. |
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To study the factors that impact real exchange rate misalignment, a VAR with misalignment and the factors impacting it is estimated. |
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The authorities intend to continue building up reserves through outright purchases while allowing for greater exchange rate flexibility. |
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Fidesz proposed a 180-forint exchange rate for the conversion of Swiss franc loans and 250 forints on euro loans. |
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The rating actions follow the announcement made by CCM that its liabilities have significantly increased due to exchange rate volatility. |
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By contrast, the currency's black market exchange rate is artificially weak. |
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Conversely, category 2 products tend to trade close to the currency exchange rate. |
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Interestingly, this excess return has increased after the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. |
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Since traded-goods prices tend to be equalized across countries, this raises the local price level, which is a real exchange rate appreciation. |
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The currency is not recognised as legal tender by the international community, and it currently has no official exchange rate. |
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However, this exchange rate results from international trade and financial markets. |
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Simply put, exchange rate movements cannot correct net trade imbalances between open economies, but they can increase hot money flows. |
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The real exchange rate is the principal equilibrator of a country's trade and payments. |
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He noted that there is a big export movement in gold and livestock, the matter that would lead to the stability of the exchange rate. |
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However, in the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a fixed exchange rate as part of an attempt to control inflation. |
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In addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy in order to achieve macroeconomic stability. |
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The majority of the CIS members operate a managed float exchange rate regime. |
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The real exchange rate is then equal to the nominal exchange rate, adjusted for differences in price levels. |
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In 1961, 1964 and 1966, the pound came under renewed pressure since the exchange rate against the dollar was considered too high. |
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The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. |
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The degree by which the parallel exchange rate exceeds the official exchange rate is known as the parallel premium. |
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Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon. |
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Until then, participating countries can continue using their own currencies at an exchange rate fixed to the euro. |
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Thus the real exchange rate is the exchange rate times the relative prices of a market basket of goods in the two countries. |
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Each country determines the exchange rate regime that will apply to its currency. |
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These hobblers have the most leverage to exchange rate movements. |
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An exchange rate is flexibly preset between an operating company and participating company, or among participating companies to relativise the value of points to keep balance. |
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The more that a product falls into category 1, the further its price will be from the currency exchange rate, moving towards the PPP exchange rate. |
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Single Farm Payments are set in Euro and converted to sterling each year using the exchange rate calculated in accordance with the EU regulations. |
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The central bank of Vietnam has adjusted its USD exchange rate. |
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The market's forecast for the RMB exchange rate has focused predominately on the RMB-dollar cross rate, ignoring the Chinese currency's trade-weighted exchange rates. |
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As a fixed exchange rate eliminates the differential between the current and expected exchange rates, it equalizes the interest rates across the trading countries. |
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With the customs receivability provision omitted, the seigniorage potential of the Greenbacks in the new flexible exchange rate regime was enhanced. |
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Rapid action to improve tax collection has been promised, but a lack of progress in reining in spending could bring the exchange rate under pressure. |
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Despite an improvement in the economy, which coincided with a fall in the price of petrol and a favourable dollar exchange rate, the government did not enjoy full popularity. |
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The high exchange rate will have a negative effect on our profits. |
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Iceland is the only country in the world to have a population under two million yet still have a floating exchange rate and an independent monetary policy. |
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The alternative to this exchange rate adjustment would be an adjustment in prices, with Canadian McDonald's stores compelled to lower prices to remain competitive. |
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This essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. |
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In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. |
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The purchasing power parity exchange rate serves two main functions. |
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I think you will lose out on the exchange rate if you move to dollars now. |
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More processed and expensive products are likely to be tradable, falling into the second category, and drifting from the PPP exchange rate to the currency exchange rate. |
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Any agreement, therefore, would have to build a framework for exchange rate stabilization and require credible pledges for abstention from competitive devaluations. |
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The New Zealand dollar has rallied to a record-high against the euro last week, following the surprise policy of the Swiss National Bank to leave its minimum exchange rate. |
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Moreover, chasing trends is never the best decision since high exchange rate volatility makes it very difficult to find a place for your protective stop-loss orders. |
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The exchange rate is expressed as tolars per euro dollar.Hence, depreciation of the tolar mayor may not raise output, and a higher world interest rate would help raise output. |
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For information purposes only the exchange rate for translating Canadian dollars into United States dollars based on the mid-market rates in Toronto at noon, Sept. |
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At press time, the official exchange rate was 1,600 bolivars to the dollar, at least 500 bolivars lower than the exchange rate on the already-flourishing black market. |
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Global markets are important to growth, and few firms in any geography, including emerging markets, forgo foreign investment because of exchange rate volatility. |
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