| Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood inferred trees differ significantly with regard to relationships among acanthocephalans and rotifers. |
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| Parsimony analyses recover a paraphyletic Rotifera, where a bdelloid rotifer and acanthocephalans form a monophyletic clade. |
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| The study of Garey et al., which used two genes and B. plicatilis, yielded a tree in which acanthocephalans cluster as modified bdelloids. |
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| However, among helminth parasites, e.g., trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans, this is not the case. |
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| In addition to the thorny proboscis, acanthocephalans are distinguished morphologically as cylindrical and unsegmented worms. |
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| The inferred phylogenetic relationships between acanthocephalans and rotifers differ appreciably. |
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| Guidance and encouragement for my research involving acanthocephalans has been provided by Steven A. Nadler. |
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| In addition, I reexamine the controversy regarding the relationships of acanthocephalans and rotifers using all available 18S rRNA sequences. |
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| Third, substantial phylogenetic evidence from both morphology and molecular data indicates that acanthocephalans have a close evolutionary relationship with Rotifera. |
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| Challenges-Rotifers appear to be very different from acanthocephalans. |
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| That discussion of fish intestines is justified because many acanthocephalans have been described from fish. |
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| Parasites of Atlantic cod include copepods, digeneans, monogeneans, acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes, myxozoans, and protozoans. |
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| Similar acanthocephalans and trematodes have been found in Mallards, which can be exposed while feeding on amphipods. |
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| It includes chapters on the biology of protozoa, trematodes and leeches, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalans, and arthropods. |
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| Acanthocephalans are dioecious pseudocoelomate worms remarkably adapted to a parasitic lifestyle in that there is no mouth or digestive system. |
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